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Former CEO of Freddie Mac is a pub, had to return millions he thieved

Posted By: sally on 2008-09-07
In Reply to:

http://www.reuters.com/article/bankingfinancial-SP/idUSN0642989720071107


http://www.nndb.com/people/222/000163730/




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Probably will return to the states
As Lilly posted, the decision of termination will probably eventually  return to the states..Interesting times we are living in..
You are so right. He could have checked the box on his return and....
given all he wanted to the treasury. No one is stopping him. Oh wait...that's OUR job. lol.
Big 3 to return to Washington.. sm
Say they have made concessions in order to receive $25 billion. 

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=97682039&ft=1&f=1001
Return them to their own countries......... sm
if they must be released at all. The left is screaming that we should not interfer with other countries' governments, that we should not force our democratic way of life on them. They certainly were not concerned in the least with our own citizens' human rights when they flew planes into the towers and the Pentagon and in a field in PA.

I say, if they must be released, release them to their own country where they can receive a trial according on their own laws.
Praying for his safe return....nm

Yes, they do, and they won't leave and return home to the CON board!

This board will return to a dead state too
The stupid rules have made these boards a place where only crickets chirp. Its sad that people are so childish and cannot discuss things like mature adults. This is why these boards will remain a snoozeville, because some people are not capable of mature conversation and get insulted by anyone who does not believe exactly like they do, but if you like it dead here...by all means enjoy the silence.
And I suspect half of it will end when you return to school --
as you claim you will be doing soon (I hope).
We denounce you. Please return to the indoctrination session
X
Obama's Campaign to Return Aunt's Contributions.... sm

By Matthew Mosk
The campaign of Sen. Barack Obama will refund a small number of contributions made by Obama's aunt, who has been living in the United States illegally, according to a published report.


The woman, Zeituni Onyango, lives in public housing in Boston and is the half-sister of Obama's late father.


The Associated Press reported today that Obama's aunt had been instructed to leave the country four years ago by an immigration judge who rejected her request for asylum from her native Kenya.


Obama campaign reports filed with the Federal Election Commission show Onyango gave $265 to the campaign. Foreign nationals are not permitted to donate to American presidential campaigns.


"Given the information that has been brought to our attention, the contributions are being refunded," Ben LaBolt, an Obama campaign spokesman, told The Washington Post this morning.


The campaign told the AP that Obama was not aware that questions had been raised about his aunt's legal status.


"Senator Obama has no knowledge of her status but obviously believes that any and all appropriate laws be followed," the statement said, according to the AP.


"No knowledge of her status."  Why does that not surprise me?  A man who is so "family oriented" and has such a wonderful extended family with which he goes to Kenya to visit and strengthen his roots with, yet he has no clue as to what their "status" is. 


More on Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac...

Freddie found itself in Justice Department crosshairs in 2003, after it finally admitted to years of accounting schemes to underreport its earnings...to the tune of $5 billion.  Freddie paid a $125 million fine to federal regulators, more than $400 million in shareholder lawsuit settlements, and $3.8 million in civil fines to settle Federal Election Commission charges of improper political fundraising.


Freddie's creative accounting was nothing compared to Fannie's.  As determined by two separate federal reports in 2004 and 2006, Fannie Mae out-and-out cooked the books so the bigwigs at the top could rake in millions in windfall profits.  The Washington Post reports that Fannie misstated its earnings by about $10.6 billion from 1998 through 2004.  all so fraudulent multimillion dollar bonuses could kick in for Fannhie's bigwigs.


Those Fannie Mae bigwigs who cashed in on the cooked books?  Chairman Franklin Raines, Bill Clinton's OMB director...A whopping $52 million.  Vice Chair Jamie Gorelick (remember her from the 9-11 Commission hearings), Clinton's deputy ATTORNEY GENERAL, $15 million.    Chairman and Chief Executive James A. Johnson, liberal lobbyist (the one who was kicked off Obama's VP vetting committee...looks like they should have vetted their committee) due to his role in the Countrywide financial scandal...$1.9 million.  Raines and the CFO of Fannie Mae were ousted.


Dems, loathe to clean up Fannie and Freddie houses even though Greenspan said preventitive action needed to be taken "sooner than later," came up with a "reform bill" in early 2005.  The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) mandated that Fannie and Freddie had to start handing out mortgages to "minority and moderate income buyers."  Whether these new customers were creditworthywas of little concern; Congress had race and bean-counting to achieve.  And now they basically owned half of the US housing market.


And now the American taxpayer is bailing out BOTH of these companies.


Is Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac the Democrat's Enron?  Sure looks like it to me.


And incidentally, Franklin Raines has been advising the Obama campaign on the mortgage and housing issues....ahem.


We own AIG, Fannie and Freddie

Maybe the international community wants their money back now.  Maybe that is why credit markets are frozen.  Since AIG and Fannie and Freddie are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States, the world is lining up for their securitized mortgages to be repaid. 


Maybe this bailout is not to buy up bad debt, but to pay off bad debt the government has already bought, insured, and now needs to ask us money for to pay.  WE ARE BEING LIED TO AGAIN! 


freddie and fannie

SHOT IN THE FANNIE MAE


The History of a Financial Disaster


1997



Fannie Mae is a GSE (Govt. Sponsored Entity) regulated by Congress.


Fannie Mae buys mortgages from other companies.


It is backed by the taxpayers for all losses, but keeps all profits.


President Clinton loosens Home Loan Requirements.


1998



Banks begin making thousands of bad loans,0 down, no documentation, for 120%! (1998 – 2008).


Executives at Fannie receive huge bonuses if loan targets are met.


Franklin Raines and Jamie Garelick from the Clinton Administration are appointed to run Fannie Mae.


2003



President Bush proposes a new oversight committee to clean up Fannie Mae, but Democrats derail the effort.






Rep. Melvyn Watt, (D-NC) Committee on Financial Institutions & Consumer Credit. stated, "I don’t see much other than weakening the bargaining power poorer families to get affordable housing."


1999 - 2004



Raines earns $100 million in bonuses.


Garelick earns $75 million in bonuses.


In 2004, Enron collapses, congress investigates, Executives Skilling & Lay go to jail, for fraudulent bookkeeping.


Congress responds with the Sorbanes-Oxley Act, more heavy regulation of corporations.


2004



An OMB investigation finds massive fraudulent bookkeeping at Fannie Mae.


False numbers triggered executive bonuses every year.


Congress holds no hearings, no one goes to jail, or is punished.


WHY NOT?


1999 -2005



Fannie Mae gives millions to Democratic causes, examples: Jesse Jackson & ACORN.


Fannie Mae pays millions to 354 congressmen and senators, from both parties.


Who got the most money?


Top 4 Recipients


Top 4 Recipients


2005



Franklin Raines & top execs are forced to resign from Fannie Mae.


They do not go to jail.


There is no media "perp. walk."


They keeps all of their bonuses


They finally pay $31.4 million in civil fines.


2005



The Federal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act is sponsored by:


2005



None of the top 4 recipients support the legislation.


The reform act is blocked by Democrats, never even making it out of committee.


None of the politicians return any of the money, tainted by fraud.


2008



Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac go bankrupt and the govt. takes them over completely.


Lehman Brothers, goes bankrupt from investing in bad mortgages.


AIG get $85 million in loan guarantees, after insuring bad loans & projects.


Taxpayers will ultimately pay BILLIONS.


2008



Franklin Raines is now an advisor to the Obama Campaign which wants the govt. to take over more of the economy.


Did government involvement in the mortgage market work out?


How will even MORE government involvement make it better? Do you want to be Sweden?


McCain favors revising regulations & loan standards, selling off Fannie & Freddie.


SOURCES



Congressional Record, 5/25/06


"Hannity & Colmes," Fox News, 9/16-9/17/08


Herald Tribune, 4/18/08


New York Times, 9/13/03


www. govtrack.com, 9/17/08


correct, but filing a tax return and paying taxes are two different things
Just because you filled out a form, does not mean you paid in. Some people have enough deductions to get back MORE than they paid in. I know--we did one year. Those people were not excluded from the checks and they also did not pay taxes for the year.
Obama on Freddie and Fannie
http://my.barackobama.com/page/community/post/stateupdates/gG5WlF
McCain and Fannie and Freddie
Contributions from Fannie and Freddie's boards of directors and lobbyists, who are technically not employees. That analysis found Fannie and Freddie-related contributors gave $169,000 to John McCain and his related committees, compared with $16,000 to Obama and his related committees.

The other money Obama received was from employees and their families, not the corporation.

http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/727/
Dems and the Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac fiasco...

Collapse or the Democrat Swindle of the U.S. Taxpayer


In 2006 an election year, the Democrats were still trying to lay the Enron scandal on Bush and the Republicans. With the help of the press a cover up of a larger financial scandal was taking place. A scandal that we are paying for today. In 2006 a 3 year investigation into fraud at Fannie Mae was concluded. It revealed a level of financial misconduct by Franklin Raines, Jamie Gorelick, and others that grossly overstated earnings by 10.6 Billion dollars. To gain bonuses.


 For those who don't know both Raines and Gorelick were high ranking officials in the Clinton Administration.


http://www.opensecrets.org/news/2008/07/top-senate-recipients-of-fanni.html


http://eddriscoll.com/archives/013595.php


Hillary supporter's take on fannie/freddie....

I hope you haven’t just eaten, because what you are about to read will disturb you–and well it should. It’s proof that John McCain foresaw the Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae disaster in 2006– and tried against all Obama-Like minds to ward it off.


Below are John McCain’s remarks urging the passage of the Federal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act of 2005, which he co-sponsored and which was rendered “Dead” in Congress.


Guess who prevailed and didn’t take heed? Or more appropriately, guess who deliberately “looked the other way”?


This is all we need to know to understand exactly WHICH candidate in this election is willing to break some eggs when it comes to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac–two organizations that, with the help of certain Democrats, deliberately redistributed wealth the easy way. Now we are all paying for it, as intended all along. Just as John McCain warned below.


As we view the carnage, this is all we need to know to understand exactly WHICH candidate foresaw this carnage we are witnessing,  and which candidate worked to convince the other candidate to help avoid it. It is all we need to know to recognize exactly WHICH candidate had the right judgment and was looking out for the rest of us.


Joe Biden? It’s time for US to be Patriotic? No. It’s time for YOU to be patriotic. In fact, it’s too late. As for you saying, “It’s time to be part of the deal”. We want no part of this “deal”. And what a “deal” it was!


May 26, 2006


Mr. President, this week Fannie Mae’s regulator reported that the company’s quarterly reports of profit growth over the past few years were “illusions deliberately and systematically created” by the company’s senior management, which resulted in a $10.6 billion accounting scandal.


The Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight’s report goes on to say that Fannie Mae employees deliberately and intentionally manipulated financial reports to hit earnings targets in order to trigger bonuses for senior executives. In the case of Franklin Raines, Fannie Mae’s former chief executive officer, OFHEO’s report shows that over half of Mr. Raines’ compensation for the 6 years through 2003 was directly tied to meeting earnings targets. The report of financial misconduct at Fannie Mae echoes the deeply troubling $5 billion profit restatement at Freddie Mac.


The OFHEO report also states that Fannie Mae used its political power to lobby Congress in an effort to interfere with the regulator’s examination of the company’s accounting problems. This report comes some weeks after Freddie Mac paid a record $3.8 million fine in a settlement with the Federal Election Commission and restated lobbying disclosure reports from 2004 to 2005. These are entities that have demonstrated over and over again that they are deeply in need of reform.


For years I have been concerned about the regulatory structure that governs Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac–known as Government-sponsored entities or GSEs–and the sheer magnitude of these companies and the role they play in the housing market. OFHEO’s report this week does nothing to ease these concerns. In fact, the report does quite the contrary. OFHEO’s report solidifies my view that the GSEs need to be reformed without delay.


Quick Info


S-90 Federal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act of 2005


Last Action: Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. Ordered to be reported with an amendment in the nature of a substitute favorably.


Status: Dead


I join as a cosponsor of the Federal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act of 2005, S. 190,to underscore my support for quick passage of GSE regulatory reform legislation. If Congress does not act, American taxpayers will continue to be exposed to the enormous risk that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac pose to the housing market, the overall financial system, and the economy as a whole.


I urge my colleagues to support swift action on this GSE reform legislation.


Update: Well looky here. Here’s a glowing Wall Street piece on Obama, written in June 2008. You would think Mr. “Regulator” Obama really is Jesus looking out for us! But…..here’s the paragraph that hooked me–the paragraph that haunts today:


He characterized the senator as a quick study on financial services, citing his early support of efforts by Senate Banking Committee Chairman Chris Dodd and House Financial Services Committee Chairman Barney Frank to empower the Federal Housing Administration to help struggling homeowners.


Oh they “empowered” all right. The Democrats killed this bill while Dodd, Frank and Obama fiddled and helped Fannie and Freddie cook their books, continue to tank, all the while keeping the regulators out of their way. These are the guys who killed the bill that McCain fought for. The bill that would have avoided the financial disaster we witnessed during the past two weeks. In the meantime, take a look at which senators were feeding at the Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac trough. My party is not what it used to be. My party has not only let me down, but it has also screwed me and my country in the process.


Note:  All of these facts can be independently confirmed if you are interested in the truth of this matter.


More on Barney Frank and fannie/freddie...
http://www.businessandmedia.org/printer/2008/20080924145932.aspx
Fannie/Freddie going to cost 7 billion...
if we are lucky.
Emanuel Was Director of Freddie Mac During Scandal...

http://www.abcnews.go.com/Blotter/story?id=6201900&page=1



Emanuel Was Director Of Freddie Mac During Scandal



New Obama Chief of Staff, Others on Board, Missed "Red Flags" of Alleged Fraud Scheme




November 7, 2008






President-elect Barack Obama's newly appointed chief of staff, Rahm Emanuel, served on the board of directors of the federal mortgage firm Freddie Mac at a time when scandal was brewing at the troubled agency and the board failed to spot "red flags," according to government reports reviewed by ABCNews.com.


According to a complaint later filed by the Securities and Exchange Commission, Freddie Mac, known formally as the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, misreported profits by billions of dollars in order to deceive investors between the years 2000 and 2002.


Emanuel was not named in the SEC complaint (click here to read) but the entire board was later accused by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) (click here to read) of having "failed in its duty to follow up on matters brought to its attention."


In a statement to ABCNews.com, a spokesperson said Emanuel served on the board for "13 months-a relatively short period of time."


The spokesperson said that while on the board, Emanuel "believed that Freddie Mac needed to address concerns raised by Congressional critics."


Freddie Mac agreed to pay a $50 million penalty in 2007 to settle the SEC complaint and four top executives of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation were charged with negligent conduct and, like the company, agreed to settle the case without admitting or denying the allegations.


The actions by Freddie Mac are cited by some economists as the beginning of the country's economic meltdown.


The federal government this year was forced to take over Freddie Mac and a sister federal mortgage agency, Fannie Mae, pledging at least $200 billion in public funds.


Freddie Mac records have been subpoenaed by the Justice Department as part of its investigation of the suspect accounting procedures.


Emanuel was named to the Freddie Mac board by President Bill Clinton in 2000 and resigned his position when he ran for Congress in May, 2001.




Freddie Mac Misrepresented Income, Says SEC


During the years 2000, 2001 and 2002, according to the SEC, Freddie Mac substantially misrepresented its income to "present investors with the image of a company that would continue to generate predictable and growing earnings."


The role of the 18-member board of directors, including Emanuel, was not addressed in the SEC's public action but was heavily criticized by the oversight group (OFHEO) in 2003.


The oversight report said the board had been apprised of the suspect accounting tactics but "failed to make reasonable inquiries of management."


The report also said board members appointed by the President, such as Emanuel, serve terms that are far too short "for them to play a meaningful role on the Board."


As a Congressman, Emanuel recused himself from any votes dealing with Freddie Mac until just this year.


In dealing with the nation's economic crisis, the new White House chief of staff will almost certainly be involved in discussions about the house and mortgage markets.


Emanuel's spokesperson said, "As White House chief of staff he will work with President-elect Obama and his economic advisers to help ensure we protect taxpayers and homeowners."


Thank the dems for defending Freddie, Fannie,etc.
nm
Freddie and Fannie were questioned years ago for
nm
Dems are the real cause of Fannie and Freddie
nm
That's because Fannie and Freddie are in his back pocket
He received a lot of money from both places. Would you go against them if you get large election donations and low housing costs with cheap mortages? I don't think so. That's why he has to go. He is just as corrupt as the others.
Exactly, how else were millions allowed to die...sm
And genocide is not something of the past. Darfur is the here and now, but we are not effected economically (i.e., oil), so we go on our merry little way.
It's so very sad that millions of Americans ....sm
have blinders on for this man.

If you really and truly feel, that you "deserve" Obama as President.....what the heck....go for it.


You are of the "me, me, me" and "take care of me from cradle to grave" generation, that can't think or do anything for themselves, and want the government to "fix everything for them.

Well, go ahead. Vote that socialist in.


You and so many others will be so sick of him and the other democrats in power, that in two years the Republicans will be voted back in Congress.


And then in four years, the way will be clear for a "real" conservative Republican to come to the forefront, and save your sorry a$$ and everyone else that voted Obama in....by voting in someone who isn't JM.


I can wait four years for a "real" Conservative Republican leader, that will take this country back from the democrat-induced financial disasters of the last decades, and failed social programs that are about to come about, should this Obama be voted in.


I can wait for the right leader.



I hope the country can wait four years for that person, as well.







This, along with the millions to the unions
help pay for Mr. O's presidency being bought. These 2 for sure, reckon how much more?
Well, the moron cut millions to the...
Army Corp of Engineers so they couldn't shore up the levies. He cut funding to most infrastructure in the entire US that was designed to protect us. Um, we were attacked on Bush's watch and the retard PROMISED he would get Bin Laden - so the blame lies with him. Quit being so juvenile........your argument is lame. BTW, WTH did he spend more than $10 trillion on after he cut funding and jammed all those agencies into Homeland Security? And hired pony judges to run it? He sure didn't spend it on our troops who are killing themselves left and right. What a legacy!! He can't even HIRE someone to write his memoirs!
Right. ..and millions of us feel the same way.
nm
Because there are millions of uninsured?
dd
McCain saw Fannie/Freddie coming in 2005...
and sponsored legislation which the Democrats blocked.

John McCain did anticpate the problems with GSEs and see them as a systemic financial problem. He even sponsored legislation to deal with it, and this is what he said:

"I join as a cosponsor of the Federal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act of 2005, S. 190, to underscore my support for quick passage of GSE regulatory reform legislation. If Congress does not act, American taxpayers will continue to be exposed to the enormous risk that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac pose to the housing market, the overall financial system, and the economy as a whole."

McCain deserves credit for being on the right side of this. Meanwhile, Obama in just four years in the Senate raked more contributions from Fannie and Freddie than any other Senator in the last 19 years — save Chris Dodd, who's pretty demonstrably in the pocket of Big Mortgage.

It was ok for hillary supporters in the millions...
wasn't it? Hillary played it again when she gave the nomination to Obama. Oh my, it bites on the other side doesn't it??
Hello? The only reason that millions of Americans ...sm
didn't lose all their savings these last few weeks is BECAUSE of government insurance of their bank accounts etc. I feel sorry for you frankly. Your opinions are not based in reality.
But, remember all the millions the folks
into buying Mr. O the presidency? Well, this is the way all of us taxpayers get to pay them back! Along with unions, and, well who knows who else!
millions/trillions/gazillions
Anyone notice that media and politicians are having trouble reciting all these bucks in their proper denomination?  I hear media people say billions when they really mean millions, or whatever, and Nancy Pelosi said we were losing 500 million jobs every month!  I think she may have meant 500 thousand, but don't really know.  It's like money has become such an illusion that we cannot even fathom any of it anymore. 
Funny how all those millions of Americans

are calling Obama and saying NO to his stimulus package.  I guess all his fearmongering didn't get to them!  Where are all those people who are so helpless that only Obama and his stooges can help them?   White House phone lines don't seem to correlate with his thoughts.  Interesting!   


You're right Obama, they didn't send you there to do the same thing OR to screw them over, both of which you are doing......over worse!


Not to mention the millions they employ for...

...slave wages overseas (you know, like MTSOs do.)


I don't understand why you condone corporate welfare/tax cheaters.  Not surprised -- just don't understand.


Fannie and Freddie....Barney Frank, Chris Dodd...
you left them off your list. The two MAJOR players. Who got the most donations from fannie/freddie? Barack Obama and Chris Dodd. Obama got more from them in his 3 years than other senators did in 20. You do the math and follow the money.

NYC using fed millions to fight sick WTC workers. sm
Shame on them. Looks like the articles by the Daily News is finally getting them some much needed attention.

http://www.nydailynews.com/news/story/438101p-369136c.html
Millions could get to DC for the inauguration, but couldn't get out of NO before the hurricane...
nm
And yet MILLIONS of illegals are taking jobs in this
nm
Big 'ol mean corporations that employ millions
Bet you wouldn't be griping if you were rich, huh? Just think about it...

Wouldn't you want to find tax shelters? Jealous little people!
Yes, he made his millions chasing ambulances and driving up all of
x
And luckily millions of others believe in marriage for all human kind
and not just those "select few".

Issues...I don't have issues with people with common sense. The one who know that the Creator loves all people.

I do have issues with people who are blatantly ignorant.
Feds paying $millions in stimulus checks

Next time you make some colossal blunder at work, here's your excuse:  "I was rushed".  Apparently, that's good enough for the feds, who have sent around 10,000 checks to dead people...some of whom were never even in the Social Security system.  Wonder where they're getting the names?


Of course, we knew that the fraud, abuse and waste would be gargantuan since the government has never been able to handle our money without fraud, waste and abuse.


http://www.myfoxny.com/dpp/your_money/consumer/090514_Dead_People_Get_Stimulus_Checks


 


Bush Administration is Spying on TENS OF MILLIONS of Americans



NSA has massive database of Americans' phone calls
Updated 5/11/2006 10:38 AM ET

The National Security Agency has been secretly collecting the phone call records of tens of millions of Americans, using data provided by AT&T, Verizon and BellSouth, people with direct knowledge of the arrangement told USA TODAY.

The NSA program reaches into homes and businesses across the nation by amassing information about the calls of ordinary Americans — most of whom aren't suspected of any crime. This program does not involve the NSA listening to or recording conversations. But the spy agency is using the data to analyze calling patterns in an effort to detect terrorist activity, sources said in separate interviews.


QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS: The NSA record collection program


It's the largest database ever assembled in the world, said one person, who, like the others who agreed to talk about the NSA's activities, declined to be identified by name or affiliation. The agency's goal is to create a database of every call ever made within the nation's borders, this person added.


For the customers of these companies, it means that the government has detailed records of calls they made — across town or across the country — to family members, co-workers, business contacts and others.


The three telecommunications companies are working under contract with the NSA, which launched the program in 2001 shortly after the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, the sources said. The program is aimed at identifying and tracking suspected terrorists, they said.


The sources would talk only under a guarantee of anonymity because the NSA program is secret.


Air Force Gen. Michael Hayden, nominated Monday by President Bush to become the director of the CIA, headed the NSA from March 1999 to April 2005. In that post, Hayden would have overseen the agency's domestic call-tracking program. Hayden declined to comment about the program.


The NSA's domestic program, as described by sources, is far more expansive than what the White House has acknowledged. Last year, Bush said he had authorized the NSA to eavesdrop — without warrants — on international calls and international e-mails of people suspected of having links to terrorists when one party to the communication is in the USA. Warrants have also not been used in the NSA's efforts to create a national call database.


In defending the previously disclosed program, Bush insisted that the NSA was focused exclusively on international calls. In other words, Bush explained, one end of the communication must be outside the United States.


As a result, domestic call records — those of calls that originate and terminate within U.S. borders — were believed to be private.


Sources, however, say that is not the case. With access to records of billions of domestic calls, the NSA has gained a secret window into the communications habits of millions of Americans. Customers' names, street addresses and other personal information are not being handed over as part of NSA's domestic program, the sources said. But the phone numbers the NSA collects can easily be cross-checked with other databases to obtain that information.


Don Weber, a senior spokesman for the NSA, declined to discuss the agency's operations. Given the nature of the work we do, it would be irresponsible to comment on actual or alleged operational issues; therefore, we have no information to provide, he said. However, it is important to note that NSA takes its legal responsibilities seriously and operates within the law.


The White House would not discuss the domestic call-tracking program. There is no domestic surveillance without court approval, said Dana Perino, deputy press secretary, referring to actual eavesdropping.


She added that all national intelligence activities undertaken by the federal government are lawful, necessary and required for the pursuit of al-Qaeda and affiliated terrorists. All government-sponsored intelligence activities are carefully reviewed and monitored, Perino said. She also noted that all appropriate members of Congress have been briefed on the intelligence efforts of the United States.


The government is collecting external data on domestic phone calls but is not intercepting internals, a term for the actual content of the communication, according to a U.S. intelligence official familiar with the program. This kind of data collection from phone companies is not uncommon; it's been done before, though never on this large a scale, the official said. The data are used for social network analysis, the official said, meaning to study how terrorist networks contact each other and how they are tied together.


Carriers uniquely positioned


AT&T recently merged with SBC and kept the AT&T name. Verizon, BellSouth and AT&T are the nation's three biggest telecommunications companies; they provide local and wireless phone service to more than 200 million customers.


The three carriers control vast networks with the latest communications technologies. They provide an array of services: local and long-distance calling, wireless and high-speed broadband, including video. Their direct access to millions of homes and businesses has them uniquely positioned to help the government keep tabs on the calling habits of Americans.


Among the big telecommunications companies, only Qwest has refused to help the NSA, the sources said. According to multiple sources, Qwest declined to participate because it was uneasy about the legal implications of handing over customer information to the government without warrants.


Qwest's refusal to participate has left the NSA with a hole in its database. Based in Denver, Qwest provides local phone service to 14 million customers in 14 states in the West and Northwest. But AT&T and Verizon also provide some services — primarily long-distance and wireless — to people who live in Qwest's region. Therefore, they can provide the NSA with at least some access in that area.


Created by President Truman in 1952, during the Korean War, the NSA is charged with protecting the United States from foreign security threats. The agency was considered so secret that for years the government refused to even confirm its existence. Government insiders used to joke that NSA stood for No Such Agency.


In 1975, a congressional investigation revealed that the NSA had been intercepting, without warrants, international communications for more than 20 years at the behest of the CIA and other agencies. The spy campaign, code-named Shamrock, led to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), which was designed to protect Americans from illegal eavesdropping.


Enacted in 1978, FISA lays out procedures that the U.S. government must follow to conduct electronic surveillance and physical searches of people believed to be engaged in espionage or international terrorism against the United States. A special court, which has 11 members, is responsible for adjudicating requests under FISA.


Over the years, NSA code-cracking techniques have continued to improve along with technology. The agency today is considered expert in the practice of data mining — sifting through reams of information in search of patterns. Data mining is just one of many tools NSA analysts and mathematicians use to crack codes and track international communications.


Paul Butler, a former U.S. prosecutor who specialized in terrorism crimes, said FISA approval generally isn't necessary for government data-mining operations. FISA does not prohibit the government from doing data mining, said Butler, now a partner with the law firm Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld in Washington, D.C.


The caveat, he said, is that personal identifiers — such as names, Social Security numbers and street addresses — can't be included as part of the search. That requires an additional level of probable cause, he said.


The usefulness of the NSA's domestic phone-call database as a counterterrorism tool is unclear. Also unclear is whether the database has been used for other purposes.


The NSA's domestic program raises legal questions. Historically, AT&T and the regional phone companies have required law enforcement agencies to present a court order before they would even consider turning over a customer's calling data. Part of that owed to the personality of the old Bell Telephone System, out of which those companies grew.


Ma Bell's bedrock principle — protection of the customer — guided the company for decades, said Gene Kimmelman, senior public policy director of Consumers Union. No court order, no customer information — period. That's how it was for decades, he said.


The concern for the customer was also based on law: Under Section 222 of the Communications Act, first passed in 1934, telephone companies are prohibited from giving out information regarding their customers' calling habits: whom a person calls, how often and what routes those calls take to reach their final destination. Inbound calls, as well as wireless calls, also are covered.


The financial penalties for violating Section 222, one of many privacy reinforcements that have been added to the law over the years, can be stiff. The Federal Communications Commission, the nation's top telecommunications regulatory agency, can levy fines of up to $130,000 per day per violation, with a cap of $1.325 million per violation. The FCC has no hard definition of violation. In practice, that means a single violation could cover one customer or 1 million.


In the case of the NSA's international call-tracking program, Bush signed an executive order allowing the NSA to engage in eavesdropping without a warrant. The president and his representatives have since argued that an executive order was sufficient for the agency to proceed. Some civil liberties groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union, disagree.


Companies approached


The NSA's domestic program began soon after the Sept. 11 attacks, according to the sources. Right around that time, they said, NSA representatives approached the nation's biggest telecommunications companies. The agency made an urgent pitch: National security is at risk, and we need your help to protect the country from attacks.


The agency told the companies that it wanted them to turn over their call-detail records, a complete listing of the calling histories of their millions of customers. In addition, the NSA wanted the carriers to provide updates, which would enable the agency to keep tabs on the nation's calling habits.


The sources said the NSA made clear that it was willing to pay for the cooperation. AT&T, which at the time was headed by C. Michael Armstrong, agreed to help the NSA. So did BellSouth, headed by F. Duane Ackerman; SBC, headed by Ed Whitacre; and Verizon, headed by Ivan Seidenberg.


With that, the NSA's domestic program began in earnest.


AT&T, when asked about the program, replied with a comment prepared for USA TODAY: We do not comment on matters of national security, except to say that we only assist law enforcement and government agencies charged with protecting national security in strict accordance with the law.


In another prepared comment, BellSouth said: BellSouth does not provide any confidential customer information to the NSA or any governmental agency without proper legal authority.


Verizon, the USA's No. 2 telecommunications company behind AT&T, gave this statement: We do not comment on national security matters, we act in full compliance with the law and we are committed to safeguarding our customers' privacy.


Qwest spokesman Robert Charlton said: We can't talk about this. It's a classified situation.


In December, The New York Times revealed that Bush had authorized the NSA to wiretap, without warrants, international phone calls and e-mails that travel to or from the USA. The following month, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a civil liberties group, filed a class-action lawsuit against AT&T. The lawsuit accuses the company of helping the NSA spy on U.S. phone customers.


Last month, U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales alluded to that possibility. Appearing at a House Judiciary Committee hearing, Gonzales was asked whether he thought the White House has the legal authority to monitor domestic traffic without a warrant. Gonzales' reply: I wouldn't rule it out. His comment marked the first time a Bush appointee publicly asserted that the White House might have that authority.


Similarities in programs


The domestic and international call-tracking programs have things in common, according to the sources. Both are being conducted without warrants and without the approval of the FISA court. The Bush administration has argued that FISA's procedures are too slow in some cases. Officials, including Gonzales, also make the case that the USA Patriot Act gives them broad authority to protect the safety of the nation's citizens.


The chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee, Sen. Pat Roberts, R-Kan., would not confirm the existence of the program. In a statement, he said, I can say generally, however, that our subcommittee has been fully briefed on all aspects of the Terrorist Surveillance Program. ... I remain convinced that the program authorized by the president is lawful and absolutely necessary to protect this nation from future attacks.


The chairman of the House Intelligence Committee, Rep. Pete Hoekstra, R-Mich., declined to comment.


One company differs


One major telecommunications company declined to participate in the program: Qwest.


According to sources familiar with the events, Qwest's CEO at the time, Joe Nacchio, was deeply troubled by the NSA's assertion that Qwest didn't need a court order — or approval under FISA — to proceed. Adding to the tension, Qwest was unclear about who, exactly, would have access to its customers' information and how that information might be used.


Financial implications were also a concern, the sources said. Carriers that illegally divulge calling information can be subjected to heavy fines. The NSA was asking Qwest to turn over millions of records. The fines, in the aggregate, could have been substantial.


The NSA told Qwest that other government agencies, including the FBI, CIA and DEA, also might have access to the database, the sources said. As a matter of practice, the NSA regularly shares its information — known as product in intelligence circles — with other intelligence groups. Even so, Qwest's lawyers were troubled by the expansiveness of the NSA request, the sources said.


The NSA, which needed Qwest's participation to completely cover the country, pushed back hard.


Trying to put pressure on Qwest, NSA representatives pointedly told Qwest that it was the lone holdout among the big telecommunications companies. It also tried appealing to Qwest's patriotic side: In one meeting, an NSA representative suggested that Qwest's refusal to contribute to the database could compromise national security, one person recalled.


In addition, the agency suggested that Qwest's foot-dragging might affect its ability to get future classified work with the government. Like other big telecommunications companies, Qwest already had classified contracts and hoped to get more.


Unable to get comfortable with what NSA was proposing, Qwest's lawyers asked NSA to take its proposal to the FISA court. According to the sources, the agency refused.


The NSA's explanation did little to satisfy Qwest's lawyers. They told (Qwest) they didn't want to do that because FISA might not agree with them, one person recalled. For similar reasons, this person said, NSA rejected Qwest's suggestion of getting a letter of authorization from the U.S. attorney general's office. A second person confirmed this version of events.


In June 2002, Nacchio resigned amid allegations that he had misled investors about Qwest's financial health. But Qwest's legal questions about the NSA request remained.


Unable to reach agreement, Nacchio's successor, Richard Notebaert, finally pulled the plug on the NSA talks in late 2004, the sources said.


Contributing: John Diamond


Germany, who killed millions of Jews wants to prosecute Rumsfeld.

That makes sense.